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        <formatdesc>Interviews with Disable people about Authentication</formatdesc>
        <language>en</language>
        <security>public</security>
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        <main>Interviews with Disabled Users - Accessible Authentication.zip</main>
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    <datestamp>2025-11-26 13:42:53</datestamp>
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    <creators>
      <item>
        <name>
          <family>Cropley</family>
          <given>David</given>
        </name>
        <id>dcropley@bournemouth.ac.uk</id>
      </item>
      <item>
        <name>
          <family>Whittington</family>
          <given>Paul</given>
        </name>
        <id>whittingtonp@bournemouth.ac.uk</id>
      </item>
      <item>
        <name>
          <family>Dogan</family>
          <given>Huseyin</given>
        </name>
        <id>hdogan@bournemouth.ac.uk</id>
      </item>
    </creators>
    <title>Issues with Electronic Identity Authentication: A Qualitative Study with Disabled Participants</title>
    <ispublished>pub</ispublished>
    <divisions>
      <item>facsci</item>
    </divisions>
    <keywords>accessibility; assistive technology (AT); authentication; authorization; disabled users; electronic identification (eID); empirical study; human-computer interaction (HCI); login system</keywords>
    <abstract>Every day, people regularly log into websites and applications without too much thought for the process and with an end-goal or task in mind to be achieved with the service that they are accessing. In many cases this is not an issue for most people, but what if some people find this step hard, frustrating, or virtually impossible to do? For people who have a disability, complications can arise in this process, and we examine the nature of these problems, not only to create an empirical record, but also with a view to diagnosing and remediating limiting factors. A series of interviews (n=15) is analyzed with Grounded Theory (GT) coding to produce a set of theorems directly from applying Constructivist principles to the data. As anticipated, results illustrate that most disabled users find that their capability to Authenticate effectively is reduced due to various accessibility barriers. By way of inductive theorem building, this paper categorizes common traits that participants have revealed during interviews. The main goal of this paper is to lead the way towards the development of a Framework which suggests ways in which to remedy the root causes of these accessibility complications that hinder our disabled community.</abstract>
    <date>2025-11-26</date>
    <date_type>published</date_type>
    <publisher>Bournemouth University</publisher>
    <id_number>10.18746/bmth.data.00000505</id_number>
    <data_type>Text</data_type>
    <copyright_holders>
      <item>David Cropley</item>
      <item>Paul Whittington</item>
      <item>Huseyin Dogan</item>
    </copyright_holders>
    <contact_email>bordar@bournemouth.ac.uk</contact_email>
    <contact_details>
      <role>Principle Investigator</role>
      <name>
        <family>Cropley</family>
        <given>David</given>
      </name>
      <id>davidcropley@msn.com</id>
    </contact_details>
    <related_res_rich>
      <item>
        <title>Issues with Electronic Identity Authentication: A Qualitative Study with Disabled Participants</title>
        <res_type>pub</res_type>
        <id>https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15071476</id>
        <id_type>DOI</id_type>
        <url>https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/15/7/1476</url>
        <status>pub</status>
        <pub>MDPI</pub>
      </item>
    </related_res_rich>
    <data_prep_note>Data was transcribed from audio recordings using NVivo 20 by Lumivero. Text was edited in Microsoft Word.</data_prep_note>
    <collection_method>This study was includes people who must have a disability of some form. The participants are from around the world geographically and are aged at least 16 years, with no cap on age.
Interviews were conducted either in person, face-to-face over video channel or via telephone.
Each participant had to read a participant information sheet and give signed consent for the interview to take place.
Ethics approval was granted by Bournemouth University prior to the commencement of interviews and participants have been given the opportunity to withdraw at any point up until when this data is published.
All data is anonymised and demographics are banded or generalised to hide identity.
The text of the data was also reviewed and redacted or edited where necessary to prevent identification of any of the participants.</collection_method>
    <legal_ethical>Risk of disclosing participants&apos; identities was mitigated by removing references to real names and other identifying information.

Having participants release information about their disability was deemed high-risk, so the author had to demonstrate full compliance at an online meeting with an ethics committee.
The Ethics Board subsequently approved the research upon completion of a process of rigorous updates and refinements.</legal_ethical>
    <collection_date>
      <date_from>2025-03-23</date_from>
      <date_to>2025-10-28</date_to>
    </collection_date>
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